Resumen

Ephemeral channels (ramblas or dry channels - except in sudden occasional flash foods) are prevalent in the Mediterranean, where they make up most of the fluvial network. They are fundamental natural systems in the hydrological cycle for transporting water, sediment and nutrients, and, therefore, are excellent indicators of climate and global change. Their promotion, the recognition of their role, their hydromorphological values and ecosystemic services are all absolutely essential for understanding their level of resilience and contribution to adapting to climate change. And it is urgent for us to work on their management, recovery and conservation, because overall they are subjected to strong pressures and are being greatly damaged.
This guide warns the reader about the multiple impacts these channels are subjected to, it informs us about their important Mediterranean heritage, which is so underestimated and ignored; and it proposes 33 good practices for their management and recovery. It is a book that can offer ideas to the people responsible for managing them, but is aimed at the whole of society, because the challenge is very complex: we have to recover ephemeral channels by improving understanding and raising awareness. And we must act quickly, because it is already late and until now practically nothing has been done to respect, protect and recover these vital fluvial systems on our land. This is our challenge.

Tabla de contenido

Justification and Aims

1. Fundamentals

1.1. What is stream restoration?

1.2. How do ephemeral streams work?

1.3. Antecedents and difficulties in the management of ephemeral streams

2. The current deterioration of ephemeral streams

2.1. Pressures and impact

2.2. Hydrogeomorphological and ecological deterioration

2.3.Causes and examples of deterioration

- Fords and other road-stream crossings

- Longitudinal paths in the channel, compaction due to the passing of vehicles

- Channels converted into roads and streets

- Weirs and reservoirs

- Check-dams

- Alluvium extraction, dredging, cleaning, widening of the drainage section and sediment movement

- Occupation of the channel and elimination of the fluvial territory

- Rubble, rubbish, solid waste

- Defences, channelling, canalisation and channel revetments

- Buried conduits or conduits parallel to the channel, culverts, collectors and irrigation channels

- Modifications to the discharge, extractions, dumping and spills, culverts and return waters

- Channel rectification, channel-bend shortening

- Plantations and crops in the channel

- Grazing

- Invasion of reeds

- Other actions and land uses

3. Indicators of resilience, evaluation and criteria for management and restoration

3.1. Indicators of geomorphic and ecological resilience in ephemeral streams

- Geomorphological sensitivity and resistance

- Indicators of geomorphological resistance

Equilibrium profile

Equilibrium slope

Relationship between dimensionless morphological ratios (DMR) and stream competence

Energy thresholds and morphological adjustments

Morphosedimentary dynamics as an indicator of geomorphic resilience

- Indicators of ecological resilience

3.2. Diagnostics

- The IHG-E Index

- The RDI index

3.3. Principles, criteria and conditions for restoration and a new way of managing ephemeral streams

4. Good practices for the management and restoration of ephemeral streams

4.1. A proposal for good practices for geomorphological functioning

- Removal of check dams, barriers and transverse obstacles

- Removal of fords and other road-stream crossings

- Removal of internal paths and closure of access points

- Prohibition of dredging, remotion, or alluvium extraction

- Recovery of areas affected by extractions and the provision of sediment in deficit reaches

- Prohibition of post-flood actions

- Resizing and permeating bridges, fords and road-stream crossings

- Diverting structures, collectors and drains, and moving them away from the channel

- Decanalisation

- Naturalisation of the channel and reconstruction of channel planforms and alluvial bedforms

- Elimination of plantations and crops within the active channel

4.2. A proposal for good practices for ecological functioning

- Elimination of reeds (Arundo donax)

- Protection measures for autochthonous species

- Measures for preventing the colonisation of invasive species

- Creation of habitats

- Revegetation

- Elimination of rubbish and dumping in channels and Banks

4.3. A proposal for good practices in managing the fluvial territory

- Naturalisation of the basin

- Returning the watercourse to its natural space and generating a fluvial territory

- Returning public property to the fluvial territory

- Fluvial territory in urban reaches: greater width, deurbani- sation, changing land use

4.4. A proposal for good practices in hydrological, environmental and risk management

- Cataloguing and formalising all of the ephemeral channels in the fluvial network

- Increasing gauging stations and control points in the AHIS system in the ephemeral fluvial network

- Hydrological naturalisation, geomorphic and functional discharges

- Assessing the ecological status of the entire ephemeral stream network

- Controlling and closing of groundwater abstraction points in ephemeral channels

- Protecting ephemeral streams of a high environmental value and quality

- Fluvial agents for controlling, monitoring and protection

- Improving building conditions in flood zones

4.5. A proposal for good practices in evaluation, knowledge and awareness

- Global environmental education, a change of mentality and awareness campaigns about ephemeral streams

- Studying and denunciation of negative actions

- Participation and volunteering

- Monitoring and follow-up

5. Good practices for adapting to climate change in ephemeral streams

5.1. The perception of climate change and its impact on epheme­ ral streams

5.2. Reaction of ephemeral streams to the impact of climate change

5.3. Initiatives and proposals for adapting to climate change

- Good management and restoration practices for ephemeral streams in relation to climate change

- Regulatory framework and initiatives at European level

Conclusions

Glossary

References

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