Resumen

El Cercano Oriente, también conocido como Oriente Medio, es ampliamente considerado como la cuna de nuestra civilización occidental. En su interior, la antigua zona llamada Creciente Fértil, que se extiende en un arco desde el Nilo hasta los ríos Tigris y Éufrates, e incluye Israel, Líbano, Jordania, Siria e Irak, fue la cuna de la agricultura hace unos 11.500 años. Por lo tanto, es una zona clave para nuestra comprensión de las complejas relaciones entre las plantas y los seres humanos. De hecho, nuestro conocimiento de los orígenes de la agricultura en esta zona se ha desarrollado espectacularmente en los últimos 15 a 20 años (Price y Bar–Yosef 2011; Zeder 2011) y sin duda los descubrimientos futuros afinarán aún más el panorama.
El uso humano de especies silvestres es la base misma de nuestra civilización. En todo el mundo, un gran número de especies silvestres fueron el componente principal de los regímenes nutricionales de nuestros antepasados ¿¿cazadores-recolectores, además de proporcionar materiales para refugio, fibra, combustible y medicinas. La dependencia de la búsqueda de alimentos condujo a un estilo de vida en gran medida nómada, dictado en gran medida por las plantas y los animales disponibles y
dónde en determinadas épocas del año. La domesticación y el cultivo graduales de pequeñas cantidades de plantas silvestres y, posteriormente, la domesticación y la cría de algunos animales salvajes permitieron a las comunidades humanas adoptar un estilo de vida sedentario y allanaron el camino para el crecimiento demográfico y el desarrollo de aldeas, pueblos y ciudades que dominan cada vez más nuestro estilo de vida y todos los cambios sociales y culturales que esto implica. Estos primeros intentos de los humanos de gestionar sus recursos vegetales silvestres se han descrito como "el paso inicial de un camino largo e ininterrumpido que continúa hoy con nuestra scientifically informed programmes of crop improvement’ (Brown et al., 2008).

Tabla de contenido

Table of Contents

Volume 1 - The Landscapes. The Plants: Ferns and Gymnosperms

FOREWORD

PLANTS AND HUMANS – THE LONG JOURNEY CONTINUES

INTRODUCTION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

OUTLINE OF THE ZONE: EUPHRATES AND TIGRIS RIVERS

GEOLOGICAL FEATURES: STRUCTURE AND OUTSTANDING LANDFORMS.

Geologic general features Turkey

Syria and Lebanon Iraq

Iran Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia

REGIONAL CLIMATOLOGY

General features Holarctic Kingdom Paleotropical Kingdom

Climatic Changes in the region

FLORA OF MESOPOTAMIA, ANATOLIA, AND THE CAUCASUS

Main floristic regions General features of the flora

PHYTOGEOGRAPHICAL ZONES

Holarctic Kingdom Paleotropical Kingdom

VEGETATION

General features Holarctic Kingdom Paleotropical Kingdom

ETHNIC GROUPS AND LANGUAGES OF THE NEAR EAST

Peoples

Languages of the Region

PLANT-HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS

The ethnobotanical evidence

Land use patterns and common crops Forest Management and Agriculture

Gathered Food Plants or Wild Edible Plants Spices

Medicinal plants

Ornamental flora and gardens

Sacred trees and forests and Magical Plants Arts and crafts

Fuel and Charcoal

ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE

PLANT MATERIALS AND THEIR PRESERVATION

REGIONAL CHRONOLOGY

Prehistory

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES AND BIOGEOGRAPHICAL ZONES

Sites of the Caucasian province (Euro–Siberian region, Holarctic kingdom) Sites of the Euxine province (Euro–Siberian region, Holarctic kingdom) Sites of the Hyrcanian province (Euro–Siberian region, Holarctic kingdom) Sites of the East Mediterranean province (Mediterranean region, Holarctic kingdom)

Sites of the Mesopotamian province (Irano–Turanian region, Holarctic kingdom)

Sites of the Kurdo–Zagrosian province (Irano–Turanian region, Holarctic kingdom)

Sites of the Xero–Euxinian province (Irano–Turanian region, Holarctic kingdom)

Sites of the Central–Anatolian province (Irano–Turanian region, Holarctic kingdom)

Sites of the Central–Iranian province (Irano–Turanian region, Holarctic kingdom)

Sites of the Armeno–Iranian province (Irano–Turanian region, Holarctic kingdom)

Sites of the Egyptian–Arabian province (Saharo–Arabian region, Holarctic kingdom)

Sites of the Omano–Sindian province (Sudano–Zambezian region, Paleotropical kingdom)

GRAPHICAL EVIDENCE

Vases, seals and sculptures

WRITTEN EVIDENCE

Tablets and texts Hittite Texts Ugaritic Texts Classical Texts

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS

FERNS AND FERN ALLIES (PTERIDOPHYTES)

ADIANTACEAE ASPLENIACEAE DENNSTAEDTIACEAE

DRYOPTERIDACEAE (INCLUDING ASPIDIACEAE) EQUISETACEAE

ISOETACEAE

LYCOPODIACEAE OPHIOGLOSSACEAE OSMUNDACEAE POLYPODIACEAE SALVINIACEAE THELYPTERIDACEAE WOODSIACEAE

CONIFERS AND ALLIES (GYMNOSPERMS)

CUPRESSACEAE EPHEDRACEAE PINACEAE TAXACEAE

REFERENCES

APPENDIX I: METRICAL EQUIVALENTS GLOSSARY

 

Volume 2 - The Plants: Angiosperms

FLOWERING PLANTS (ANGIOSPERMS)

ACANTHACEAE (INCLUDING AVICENNIACEAE) ACORACEAE

ADOXACEAE (INCLUDING CAPRIFOLIACEAE PP.) AIZOACEAE

ALISMATACEAE

ALTINGIACEAE (INCLUDING HAMMAMELIDACEAE PP.) AMARANTHACEAE (INCLUDING CHENOPODIACEAE) AMARYLLIDACEAE (INCLUDING LILIACEAE PP.) ANACARDIACEAE

ANNONACEAE

APIACEAE (= UMBELLIFERAE)

APOCYNACEAE (INCLUDING ASCLEPIADACEAE) AQUIFOLIACEAE

ARACEAE ARALIACEAE

ARECACEAE (= PALMACEAE) ARISTOLOCHIACEAE

ASPARAGACEAE (INCLUDING ALOEACEAE) BALSAMINACEAE

BERBERIDACEAE

BETULACEAE (INCLUDING CORYLACEAE) BIEBERSTEINIACEAE

BORAGINACEAE

BRASSICACEAE (= CRUCIFERAE) BURSERACEAE

BUTOMACEAE BUXACEAE CACTACEAE CAMPANULACEAE CANNACEAE

CANNABACEAE (INCLUDING ULMACEAE PP.) CAPPARACEAE

CAPRIFOLIACEAE (INCLUDING DIPSACACEAE) CARYOPHYLLACEAE

CELASTRACEAE (INCLUDING PARNASSIACEAE) CISTACEAE

COLCHICACEAE (INCLUDING LILIACEAE PP.) COMBRETACEAE

COMMELINACEAE COMPOSITAE (= ASTERACEAE)

CONVOLVULACEAE (INCLUDING CUSCUTACEAE) CORIARIACEAE

CORNACEAE

CRASSULACEAE CUCURBITACEAE CYMODOCEACEAE CYNOMORIACEAE CYPERACEAE DATISCACEAE DIOSCOREACEAE DRACAENACEAE EBENACEAE ELAEAGNACEAE EMPETRACEAE ERICACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE FAGACEAE FRANKENIACEAE GENTIANACEAE GERANIACEAE GROSSULARIACEAE HALORAGACEAE HAMAMELIDACEAE PP. HIPPURIDACEAE

HYDRANGEACEAE (INCLUDING SAXIFRAGACEAE PP.) HYDROCHARITACEAE

HYPERICACEAE (= GUTTIFERAE) IRIDACEAE

IXIOLIRIACEAE (INCLUDING AMARYLLIDACEAE PP.) JUGLANDACEAE

JUNCACEAE JUNCAGINACEAE

LAMIACEAE (= LABIATAE, INCL. VERBENACEAE PP.) LAURACEAE

LEGUMINOSAE (= FABACEAE) LEMNACEAE

LILIACEAE LINACEAE LOGANIACEAE LORANTHACEAE

LYTHRACEAE ( INCLUDING TRAPACEAE) MAGNOLIACEAE

MALVACEAE (INCLUDING STERCULIACEAE PP., TILIACEAE PP.) MELIACEAE

MELANTHIACEAE (INCLUDING LILIACEAE PP.) MENISPERMACEAE

MENYANTHACEAE MOLLUGINACEAE MORACEAE MORINGACEAE MUSACEAE MYRISTICACEAE

MYRTACEAE NAJADACEAE NELUMBONACEAE NITRARIACEAE NYCTAGINACEAE NYMPHAEACEAE OLEACEAE ONAGRACEAE ORCHIDACEAE OROBANCHACEAE OXALIDACEAE PAEONIACEAE PANDANACEAE

PAPAVERACEAE (INCLUDING FUMARIACEAE) PEDALIACEAE

PHRYMACEAE

PHYLLANTHACEAE (INCLUDING EUPHORBIACEAE PP.) PIPERACEAE

PLANTAGINACEAE (INCLUDING CALLITRICHACEAE, GLOBULARIACEAE, SCROPHULARIACEAE PP.)

PLATANACEAE PLUMBAGINACEAE POACEAE (= GRAMINEAE) POLEMONIACEAE POLYGALACEAE POLYGONACEAE PORTULACACEAE POSIDONIACEAE POTAMOGETONACEAE

PRIMULACEAE (INCLUDING MYRSINACEAE PP.) PUNICACEAE

RAFFLESIACEAE RANUNCULACEAE RESEDACEAE RHAMNACEAE RHIZOPHORACEAE ROSACEAE

RUBIACEAE (INCLUDING THELIGONACEAE, CYNOCRAMBACEAE) RUTACEAE

SALICACEAE SALVADORACEAE SANTALACEAE

SAPINDACEAE (INCLUDING ACERACEAE, HIPPOCASTANACEAE) SAPOTACEAE

SAXIFRAGACEAE SCHISANDRACEAE SCHROPHULARIACEAE SIMAROUBACEAE SOLANACEAE

STAPHYLEACEAE STYRACACEAE TAMARICACEAE THEACEAE THYMELAEACEAE TILIACEAE

TYPHACEAE (INCLUDING SPARGANIACEAE) ULMACEAE

URTICACEAE VALERIANACEAE VERBENACEAE VIOLACEAE VITACEAE

XANTHORRHOEACEAE (INCLUDING LILIACEAE PP.) ZINGIBERACEAE

ZOSTERACEAE

ZYGOPHYLLACEAE (INCLUDING BALANITACEAE)

REFERENCES GLOSSARY ABBREVIATIONS USED

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